Coupler-induced optical attenuation
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Intracavity cross-polarization coupling, occurring when either the transverse electric (TE) mode or the transverse magnetic (TM) mode is driven, results in coupled-mode induced transparency or coupled-mode induced attenuation. Induced transparency and attenuation effects are observed in the throughput of a single whispering-gallery microresonator due to mode coupling between two coresonant orthogonally polarized whispering-gallery modes of very different quality factors. The designed device uses a two-dimensional apodized grating coupler as a surface-normal coupling interface, which has the advantages of low-cost fiber packaging and polarization insensitivity. However, to build systems using fibres, one should need some other components that fall in two main categories: Active.